Git

Learning git

git help
git help tutorial
git help everyday
git help revisions
git help workflows

GitHub manual

full commands list

configuration

Default .git/conf

[core]
        repositoryformatversion = 0
        filemode = true
        bare = false
        logallrefupdates = true
[remote "origin"]
        url = /srv/git/myprojectname.git
        fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
[branch "master"]
        remote = origin
        merge = refs/heads/master

Assume the following history exists and the current branch is master:

Glossary

commit message
current branch
CVS: Concurrent Versions System, a style which can be addopted by git if pull and fetch are used.
graduation: from next or seen to master to maint
integration branch
maint: tracks the commits that should go into the next "maintenance release"
master: A feature release is created from the master branch, since master tracks the commits that should go into the next feature release. The master branch is supposed to be a superset of maint.
merge
next
origin
remote refs
seen
shared repository
tag: eg v2.43
topic branch
upstream

Workflow

git help workflows

Separate Changes

Try to split your work into small steps from the very beginning. It is always easier to squash a few commits together than to split one big commit into several. Don’t be afraid of making too small or imperfect steps along the way. You can always go back later and edit the commits with git rebase --interactive before you publish them. You can use git stash push --keep-index to run the test suite independent of other uncommitted changes; see the EXAMPLES section of git-stash.

Example 1. Merge upwards

Example 2. Topic branches

Example 3. Merge to downstream only at well-defined points

Example 4. Throw-away integration branches

Example 5. Verify master is a superset of maint

Example 6. Release tagging

Example 7. Copy maint

Example 8. Update maint to new release

Example 9. Rewind and rebuild next

Example 10. Push/pull: Publishing branches/topics

Example 11. Push/pull: Staying up to date

Example 12. Push/pull: Merging remote topics

Example 13. format-patch/am: Publishing branches/topics

Example 14. format-patch/am: Keeping topics up to date

Example 15. format-patch/am: Importing patches

git help

Three equivalent ways to get the man pages

git help <verb>
git <verb> --help
man git-<verb>

More concise help is available from

git <verb> -h

git help produces the following template to build notes from:

start a working area (see also: git help tutorial)

clone

init Create an empty Git repository or reinitialize an existing one

work on the current change (see also: git help everyday)

add Add file contents to the index mv Move or rename a file, a directory, or a symlink restore Restore working tree files rm Remove files from the working tree and from the index

examine the history and state (see also: git help revisions)

bisect Use binary search to find the commit that introduced a bug diff Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc grep Print lines matching a pattern log Show commit logs

show

Show various types of objects

git show-branch
[master] a few edits

status Show the working tree status

grow, mark and tweak your common history

branch List, create, or delete branches

commit

Record changes to the repository

How to Write Better Git Commit Messages – A Step-By-Step Guide

merge

Join two or more development histories together

rebase

Reapply commits on top of another base tip

reset

Reset current HEAD to the specified state

switch

Switch branches

tag

Create, list, delete or verify a tag object signed with GPG

collaborate (see also: git help workflows)

fetch Download objects and refs from another repository

pull Fetch from and integrate with another repository or a local branch

push

Update remote refs along with associated objects

Individual Developer (Standalone) commands

Described in git help everyday.

init
log
switch
add
diff
status
commit
restore
merge
rebase
tag

Individual Developer (Participant) commands

Described in git help everyday.

clone
pull
fetch
push
format-patch
send-email
request-pull

Integrator

Described in git help everyday.

am
pull
format-patch
revert
push

Repository Administrator

daemon
shell
http-backend
gitweb

tutorial or git help tutorial

user manual

Creating Repositories with init or clone

git init

Start a new Git repository for an existing code base

cd /path/to/my/codebase
git init
git add .
git commit

Create an empty Git repository or reinitialize an existing one

mkdir /srv/git/projectname.git
git --bare init /srv/git/projectname.git
chown -R git:git /srv/git/projectname.git

The output of git --bare init /srv/git/projectname.git is:

hint: Using 'master' as the name for the initial branch. This default branch name
hint: is subject to change. To configure the initial branch name to use in all
hint: of your new repositories, which will suppress this warning, call:
hint: 
hint: 	git config --global init.defaultBranch <name>
hint: 
hint: Names commonly chosen instead of 'master' are 'main', 'trunk' and
hint: 'development'. The just-created branch can be renamed via this command:
hint: 
hint: 	git branch -m <name>

git clone

Clone a repository into a new directory

The clone command creates a new directory named after the project. After you cd into this directory, you will see that it contains a copy of the project files, called the working tree, together with a special top-level directory named .git, which contains all the information about the history of the project.

Branches

A freshly cloned repository contains a single branch head, by default named “master”, with the working directory initialized to the state of the project referred to by that branch head.

git branch

git branch
* master

git switch

Switch branches

Creating a new branch

git switch [<options>] (-c|-C) <new-branch> [<start-point>]

git switch -c new v2.6.13

git branch
  master
* new

git reset

Reset current HEAD to the specified state

git add

git add --help

git help add

Add file contents to the index

Understanding History

git commit

git commit -m 'Initial commit'
git add forgotten_file
git commit --amend

Record changes to the repository

git show

Show various types of objects

git log

Show commit logs

git remote

Manage set of tracked repositories

Local Protocol

git remote add local_proj /srv/git/project.git

git clone /srv/git/project.git

I’ve been doing it with file://… which I subsequently discovered is slower and unnecessary.

Remote Protocol

git remote add origin ssh://git@example.com:22/srv/git/project.git

git push

Update remote refs along with associated objects

git rm

git checkout

Switch branches or restore working tree files

git reset

Reset current HEAD to the specified state

git reset --help

git restore

Restore working tree files

Server

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1558719/using-a-remote-repository-with-non-standard-port

https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Git_server

https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-on-the-Server-The-Protocols

https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-on-the-Server-Setting-Up-the-Server

Development PC

Step 1, need to run git init.

git remote add origin ssh://git@example.com:22/srv/git/myreponame.git

git push origin master

to clone from the server to the client:

git clone ssh://git@example.com:22/srv/git/joeblog.git

git clone file:///srv/git/joeblog.git

book

git add

use -a with git commit ... instead.

Only files added with add are tracked.

git status

git diff

Using Git to Publish Files

https://www.inmotionhosting.com/support/website/git/git-server/

Need to setup a ~/.ssh/config file

Host my_git_host
HostName git.some.host.org
Port 24589
User not_a_root_user

git via ssh

/etc/passwd

git:x:973:973:git daemon user:/srv/git:/usr/bin/git-shell

less /usr/lib/systemd/system/git-daemon@.service

[Unit]
Description=Git Daemon Instance

[Service]
User=git
# The '-' is to ignore non-zero exit statuses
ExecStart=-/usr/lib/git-core/git-daemon --inetd --export-all --base-path=/srv/git –enable=receive-pack
StandardInput=socket
StandardOutput=inherit
StandardError=journal
ProtectSystem=full
ProtectHome=on
PrivateDevices=on
NoNewPrivileges=on


chage -E -1 git

Git

Learning git

configuration

Glossary

Workflow

Separate Changes

Example 1. Merge upwards

Example 2. Topic branches

Example 3. Merge to downstream only at well-defined points

Example 4. Throw-away integration branches

Example 5. Verify master is a superset of maint

Example 6. Release tagging

Example 7. Copy maint

Example 8. Update maint to new release

Example 9. Rewind and rebuild next

Example 10. Push/pull: Publishing branches/topics

Example 11. Push/pull: Staying up to date

Example 12. Push/pull: Merging remote topics

Example 13. format-patch/am: Publishing branches/topics

Example 14. format-patch/am: Keeping topics up to date

Example 15. format-patch/am: Importing patches

git help

start a working area (see also: git help tutorial)

clone

work on the current change (see also: git help everyday)

examine the history and state (see also: git help revisions)

show

grow, mark and tweak your common history

commit

merge

rebase

reset

switch

tag

collaborate (see also: git help workflows)

push

Individual Developer (Standalone) commands

Individual Developer (Participant) commands

Integrator

Repository Administrator

Creating Repositories with init or clone

git init

git clone

Branches

git branch

git switch

Tags

git tag

git reset

git add

Understanding History

git commit

git show

git log

git remote

Local Protocol

Remote Protocol

git push

git rm

git checkout

git reset

git restore

Server

Development PC

git add

git status

git diff

Using Git to Publish Files